Although standardization has been a fundamental principle for assuring that all examinees have the same opportunity to demonstrate their standing on the construct that a test is intended to measure, sometimes flexibility is needed to provide essentially equivalent opportunities for some test takers. In these cases, aspects of a standardized testing process that pose no particular challenge for most test takers may prevent specific groups or individuals from accurately demonstrating their standing with respect to the construct of interest. For example, challenges may arise due to an examinee’s disability, cultural background, linguistic background, race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, limitations that may come with aging, or some combination of these or these factors. In some instances, greater comparability of scores may be attained if standardized procedures are changed to address the needs of specific groups or individuals without any adverse effects on the validity or reliability of the results obtained. For example, a braille test form, a large-print answer sheet, or a screen reader may be provided to enable those with some visual impairments to obtain more equitable access to test content. Legal considerations may also influence how to address individualized needs.