For pasta intake (Fig. 1), there was a main effect of the method
of salad consumption [F(1,45) = 21.44; p < 0.0001]. Participants
consumed less pasta in the conditions with ad libitum salad intake
(378 ± 17 kcal [1582 ± 72 kJ]) than in conditions with compulsory
salad intake (439 ± 17 kcal [1836 ± 69 kJ]). There was no significant
effect of the timing of salad consumption on pasta intake; in particular,
the difference in ad libitum salad intake did not significantly
affect consumption of the main course in those conditions. When
no salad was served, participants ate significantly more pasta
(531 ± 24 kcal [2223 ± 100 kJ]) than when any salad was served
[F(4,176) = 20.92; p < 0.0001].