Bushman and Baumeister (1998) found that self-esteem level was unrelated to aggressiveness. Aggression was, however, associated with narcissistic characteristics. Similarly, Buss and Perry (1991, cited in Buss, 1995, p. 195), in their large-scale study, found no relationship between self-esteem and either physical or verbal aggression. However, there was a negative correlation between hostility and self-esteem level.