Both MF and UF membrane systems include routine backwashing to remove foulants from the membrane. Backwashing systems can use chlorinated or unchlorinated water with or without air scour depending on the membrane system. Backwashes are typically frequent (every 5 minutes to hours) and of short duration (3 to 180 seconds) depending on the membrane system and specific feed water quality conditions and treatment requirements. Chemical clean-in-place (CIP) is used periodically to control fouling and reduce the increase in transmembrane pressure that occurs as a result.