All averages below 0.4 (n¼117) were visually inspected to determine whether the NDVI level was low because it represented a densely urban area with minimal vegetation or whether it represented a grid cell that was predominantly within a body of water. Addresses in regions directly surrounded by water were excluded from analysis since these locations may have different characteristics from low green space areas not directly adjacent to bodies of water, and because residing near a body of water has been associated with positive health benefits distinct from those of green space (White et al., 2013).