Personal factors which increase
vulnerability
Rose and Killien (1983) first established
personal traits within individuals affected
by the environment that resulted in
vulnerability. They noted the inborn
characteristics of generic predisposition,
personal temperament, susceptibility to
166disease, and the demographic data of age,
gender and race. Acquired characteristics
resulting from life experience, responses
to situations like trauma, and the
development of coping mechanisms were
also identified (Rose & Killien 1983).
Further classification of vulnerability into
external and internal sides by Chambers
(2006) highlighted an internal lack of
coping skills or defencelessness, and
external factors of risk and stress, which
can impact the individual.
Vulnerability is therefore reliant on the
perception of the patient and the amount
of awareness of control that they have in
the circumstances (Rogers 1997). In the
perioperative environment, the loss of
control can compound the patient’s growing
vulnerability (McIntosh & Adams 2011).
Nichiata et al (2008) recognised groups
exposed to aggravation as vulnerable.
Within perioperative practice the
aggravating factors include fear and anxiety
due to impending surgery and anaesthesia.
In addition, distinct groups are considered
vulnerable in their own right: the young,
elderly, women, ethnic minorities, low
income, unemployed, patients with learning
disabilities. This list is not exhaustive.
Personal factors which increase
vulnerability
Rose and Killien (1983) first established
personal traits within individuals affected
by the environment that resulted in
vulnerability. They noted the inborn
characteristics of generic predisposition,
personal temperament, susceptibility to
166disease, and the demographic data of age,
gender and race. Acquired characteristics
resulting from life experience, responses
to situations like trauma, and the
development of coping mechanisms were
also identified (Rose & Killien 1983).
Further classification of vulnerability into
external and internal sides by Chambers
(2006) highlighted an internal lack of
coping skills or defencelessness, and
external factors of risk and stress, which
can impact the individual.
Vulnerability is therefore reliant on the
perception of the patient and the amount
of awareness of control that they have in
the circumstances (Rogers 1997). In the
perioperative environment, the loss of
control can compound the patient’s growing
vulnerability (McIntosh & Adams 2011).
Nichiata et al (2008) recognised groups
exposed to aggravation as vulnerable.
Within perioperative practice the
aggravating factors include fear and anxiety
due to impending surgery and anaesthesia.
In addition, distinct groups are considered
vulnerable in their own right: the young,
elderly, women, ethnic minorities, low
income, unemployed, patients with learning
disabilities. This list is not exhaustive.
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