Negative reinforcement is condition where the removal of a challenge, penalty, or reward (stimulus) increases or maintains likelihood of the recurrence of the same behavior or output (response).
5. Personality is relatively stable, consistent, and distinctive set of mental and emotional characteristic a person exhibits when alone, or when interacting with people and his or her external environment
Intelligence is measure of a person’s cognitive capacity relative to his or her peers. It is computed by dividing the person’s mental age (as measured on a scale) by his or her chronological age, and multiplying with 100.
6. Need for achievement is a personality trait characterized by an enduring and consistent concern with setting and meeting high standards of achievement. This need is influenced by internal drive for action (intrinsic motivation), and the pressure exerted by the expectations of others (extrinsic motivation). Measured by thematic appreciation tests, need for achievement motivations and individual to succeed in competition, and to excel in activities important to him or her.
Need for affiliation in a business setting, this is the necessity for managers to build warm and caring relationships in order to motivate their fellow employees. Different levels of affiliation. For example those who need more of a sense of belonging make good support staff, but they may not make as effective a leader.
Need for power can be defined as the desire to influence people and event for example Napoleon slander to Snowball and Napoleon has set itself as a leader in the farm.
7 . Individual and Organizational Consequences of Stress can be detrimental to developing a high-involvement organization require that associates be engaged and motivated to perform at high levels and that their individual capabilities be used in the most productive and efficient manner. However, the consequences of work stress can sabotage managerial attempts to develop such an environment.
8. Formals leader is a member of organization who has given authority by virtue of his position to influence other members of organization to achieve organizational goals. An informal leader has no formal organizational authority to influence others but possesses special kills and talent to influence and lead other members of organization. Managers,