The distinction between intangibles (knowledge and information-as-knowledge) and tangibles (information-as-thing) is central to what follows. If you can touch it or measurevit directly, it is not knowledge, but must be some physical thing, possibly information-as-thing. (This distinction may be overstated. Knowledge may well be represented in the brain in some tangible, physical way. However, for present purposes and for the time being, treating knowledge in the mind as importantly different from artificial stores of information seems reasonable and useful. Acadamic examinations test individuals' ability to answer question or to solve problems, which is presumed to provide indirect measures of what they know. But that is not the same.) knowledge, however, can be represented, just as an event can be filmed. However, the representation is on more knowledge that the film is the event. Any such representation is necessarily in tangible from (sing, signa, data, text, film, etc.) and so representations of knowledge (and of events) are necessarily “information-as-thing.”