Impact and Effectiveness of CDS
This section focuses on evaluations of the impact of CDS on health care quality, using
Donabedian’s classic definition of quality comprising structure, process, and outcomes of health Care .Donabedian advocated that organizational outcomes such as cost and efficiency, as well as individual patient health outcomes, be evaluated. Donabedian’s model is expanded by Carayon and her colleagues’ formulation of structure, which includes people, organization,
technologies, tasks, and environment. This expanded definition of structure is used here so that CDS impact on cost and efficiency are addressed and included as part of impact on structure. As outlined below, evaluation of impact includes care process and patient health outcomes. Structural outcomes are also addressed below.
Most published evaluations of the impact of CDS on health care quality have been conducted in inpatient rather than ambulatory settings, and most have been in large academic medical centers, often using “homegrown” systems, where there is a culture that is accustomed to their use and adequate resources (including expertise ,time, infrastructure) to build and maintain them.
Although many commercial EMRs have CDS capabilities, there has been little systematic research on the outcomes or even on the implementation strategies of commercial CDS in community settings. These omissions, and the narrow focus responsible for them, are particularly problematic since most hospitals will deploy commercial systems in the future, and their culture and resources are likely to differ from those of large academic medical centers. In addition, the impact of CDS in ambulatory settings needs more attention. Some of the projects within the AHRQ Ambulatory Safety and Quality Program are beginning to address this need.
The research on CDS has other noteworthy limitations. First, although a number of CDS studies have been published, comparatively few are randomized controlled trials (RCT). Second, most research has examined the effects of CDS on the process of care (rather than the outcomes or structure) and has focused primarily on clinician decision making. Third, the diagnostic programs have had limited use in practice settings. Finally, the results of the research to date are mixed in terms of the effectiveness of CDS for particular conditions or particular types of CDS. These limitations point to gaps in the literature. Although RCTs are considered the gold standard for research studies, qualitative studies may be better able to determine why a CDS intervention succeeds or fails. The following section reviews the results of RCT studies and other studies of CDS. Because most of the studies deal with process and patient health outcomes, these aspects are discussed first, followed by a discussion of structure.
Impact and Effectiveness of CDS
This section focuses on evaluations of the impact of CDS on health care quality, using
Donabedian’s classic definition of quality comprising structure, process, and outcomes of health Care .Donabedian advocated that organizational outcomes such as cost and efficiency, as well as individual patient health outcomes, be evaluated. Donabedian’s model is expanded by Carayon and her colleagues’ formulation of structure, which includes people, organization,
technologies, tasks, and environment. This expanded definition of structure is used here so that CDS impact on cost and efficiency are addressed and included as part of impact on structure. As outlined below, evaluation of impact includes care process and patient health outcomes. Structural outcomes are also addressed below.
Most published evaluations of the impact of CDS on health care quality have been conducted in inpatient rather than ambulatory settings, and most have been in large academic medical centers, often using “homegrown” systems, where there is a culture that is accustomed to their use and adequate resources (including expertise ,time, infrastructure) to build and maintain them.
Although many commercial EMRs have CDS capabilities, there has been little systematic research on the outcomes or even on the implementation strategies of commercial CDS in community settings. These omissions, and the narrow focus responsible for them, are particularly problematic since most hospitals will deploy commercial systems in the future, and their culture and resources are likely to differ from those of large academic medical centers. In addition, the impact of CDS in ambulatory settings needs more attention. Some of the projects within the AHRQ Ambulatory Safety and Quality Program are beginning to address this need.
The research on CDS has other noteworthy limitations. First, although a number of CDS studies have been published, comparatively few are randomized controlled trials (RCT). Second, most research has examined the effects of CDS on the process of care (rather than the outcomes or structure) and has focused primarily on clinician decision making. Third, the diagnostic programs have had limited use in practice settings. Finally, the results of the research to date are mixed in terms of the effectiveness of CDS for particular conditions or particular types of CDS. These limitations point to gaps in the literature. Although RCTs are considered the gold standard for research studies, qualitative studies may be better able to determine why a CDS intervention succeeds or fails. The following section reviews the results of RCT studies and other studies of CDS. Because most of the studies deal with process and patient health outcomes, these aspects are discussed first, followed by a discussion of structure.
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