To cover all necessary technological elements shown in Figure 1, the proposed e-Learning system comprises
the VCM function, circuit recognition function, and translation and simulation functions of the Arduino
program. Technological features of these functions are described in Sections 2.1-2.3. To evaluate the
proposed e-Learning system, experiments on a line-tracer robot were conducted by university students
(as described in Section 2.4). The line-tracer robot can detect the edge of a thick black line on a white
floor and move along the black line.