The most complex crop model of our GCR ensemble is INLAND, a fifth-generation land surface model that simulates the exchanges of energy, water, carbon and momentum in the soil-vegetation-atmosphere system, canopy physiology (photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and respiration) and terrestrial carbon balance (net primary productivity, soil respiration and organic matter decomposition). Processes are organized in a hierarchical framework and operate in time-steps of 60-min. This model is an evolution of Agro-IBIS (Integrated Biosphere Simulator) (Kucharik and Twine, 2007) and has been developed as part of the Brazilian Earth System Model project, aiming to better represent Brazilian biomes (as Amazon and Cerrado) and processes (fire, flooding and agriculture). We use version 2.0, which includes the representation of four crops in addition to 12 natural plant functional types.
Both models were run for the entire South America, with a grid resolution of 1° × 1° (∼110 km × 110 km).