In C. hastata on the other hand, these cells occur below
approximately five layers of parenchyma cells from the
epidermis. The vascular tissue is of the closed type and
surrounded by a fibrous layer. Both raphides and
druses are present in the ground tissue of the vascular
bundle in all species (Fig. 1 A-D). Secretory cells are
present in the ground tissue of all species while starch
grains are only present in the pith of T. cruciatum but
absent in the rest of the species.