Unlike the Hakka settlement in Pulai in the interior of Kelantan and surrounded by thick jungles, as well as the isolation of Pulai and its subsistence-oriented economy of gold mining, that made these Cantonese independent of the rest of the wider Kelantan society the Hokkiens were dependent on and engaged in the social life and processes of the wider Kelantan social fabric, and thereby underwent a different process of ethnic development with substantial assimilative change in their culture.