As the permafrost under the forests melts, insects that normally don’t turn up until the warmer seasons are appearing sooner.The spruce-bark beetle, for example, is increasing in number as a result of global warming. It usually takes about two year for these beetles to grow and reproduce in very cold weather. However, due to the increase in temperatures, spruce-bark beetles are damaging as many trees in one year as they previously damaged in two. At this rate, Alaska’s forests won’t survive the turn of the century.