Professor : good afternoon everyone. Let me start today's lecture with a question. What comes to mind?
Eric : that is easy. Pasta with tomato sauce.
Professor : great. So
Mike : and excuse me.
Professor : it's Ok.go ahead
Mike : thank.there's also coffee. Really good Italian espresso.
Professor : great. Coffee and tomatoes are key parts of Italian cuisine.but do you know where these things are from originally?
Professor : Actually, no. Tomatoes are originally from South America and Mexico, and they did't come to ltaly unit the 1500s.Coffee arrived around the same time. Coffee beans first grew in Ethiopia, then become a beverage in Yemen and other places. Much later, ltalians adopted the custom.
This is true of a lot of so-called traditional cuisine. We know the English love their tea and sugar, but tea is originally from China, and sugar is from the Middle East. And traditional Chinese food uses spicy chili peppers-but no one in China had ever seen one until the 1500s.
What made all of this possible was international trade. So, today, I want to talk about two major trade networks from history: the Silk Road and the Columbian Exchange. Then we’ll discuss today’s system.
One of the first significant trade networks was the Silk Road. This started more than two thousand years ago. It was actually several different routes between China and Europe, passing through the Middle East. Most were land routes, but some were sea routes.
A lot of goods were traded along the Silk Road. European countries imported silk from China, along with porcelain. At that time, only China had the technology to make these goods. For thousands of years, silk and porcelain were China’s most important exports. People also traded black pepper and ivory from India, gold from Europe, and more.
The middle east was at the very center of the silk road and in many ways controlled it. Merchants in that part of the world gained huge profits and political power from the trade network.
The second network is the Columbian exchange. These trade routes developed after Christopher Columbus is ships landed in the Americans in 1492. Now unlike the silk road the Columbian exchange was a truly global trade network. Whereas the silk road connected Europe Asia and Africa the Columbian exchange also included the Americans.
Another difference's that the Columbian exchange did not depend as much on traders in the middle east. That was one reason why Columbus made his voyage Chinese silk was still a key European import and he wanted to find a direct route from Europe to China.
Like the silk road the Columbian exchange changed how we eat and drink. Much of the produce you see in the supermarket today was originally from the Americans potatoes from Peru, corn from Mexico chili peppers from south America even chocolate. No one in Asia or Europe had ever seen these things before. Another example is rubber which came from trees in Brazil.
Finally, let's discuss today's global trade network. Like the Columbian exchange, it's a global system. Another similarly to the Columbian exchange is that even today almost 90% of the world is cargo is still shipped by sea.
Of course, we trade different things today. Instead of silk, China produces and exports clothing, electronics, and more. And today's system is much faster. Which means it's changing cultures around the world that much faster.
So, as you can see, international trade has been shaping our cuisines and cultures for a very long time.
Professor : good afternoon everyone. Let me start today's lecture with a question. What comes to mind?Eric : that is easy. Pasta with tomato sauce.Professor : great. SoMike : and excuse me.Professor : it's Ok.go ahead Mike : thank.there's also coffee. Really good Italian espresso.Professor : great. Coffee and tomatoes are key parts of Italian cuisine.but do you know where these things are from originally?Professor : Actually, no. Tomatoes are originally from South America and Mexico, and they did't come to ltaly unit the 1500s.Coffee arrived around the same time. Coffee beans first grew in Ethiopia, then become a beverage in Yemen and other places. Much later, ltalians adopted the custom.This is true of a lot of so-called traditional cuisine. We know the English love their tea and sugar, but tea is originally from China, and sugar is from the Middle East. And traditional Chinese food uses spicy chili peppers-but no one in China had ever seen one until the 1500s.What made all of this possible was international trade. So, today, I want to talk about two major trade networks from history: the Silk Road and the Columbian Exchange. Then we’ll discuss today’s system.One of the first significant trade networks was the Silk Road. This started more than two thousand years ago. It was actually several different routes between China and Europe, passing through the Middle East. Most were land routes, but some were sea routes.A lot of goods were traded along the Silk Road. European countries imported silk from China, along with porcelain. At that time, only China had the technology to make these goods. For thousands of years, silk and porcelain were China’s most important exports. People also traded black pepper and ivory from India, gold from Europe, and more.The middle east was at the very center of the silk road and in many ways controlled it. Merchants in that part of the world gained huge profits and political power from the trade network.The second network is the Columbian exchange. These trade routes developed after Christopher Columbus is ships landed in the Americans in 1492. Now unlike the silk road the Columbian exchange was a truly global trade network. Whereas the silk road connected Europe Asia and Africa the Columbian exchange also included the Americans.Another difference's that the Columbian exchange did not depend as much on traders in the middle east. That was one reason why Columbus made his voyage Chinese silk was still a key European import and he wanted to find a direct route from Europe to China.Like the silk road the Columbian exchange changed how we eat and drink. Much of the produce you see in the supermarket today was originally from the Americans potatoes from Peru, corn from Mexico chili peppers from south America even chocolate. No one in Asia or Europe had ever seen these things before. Another example is rubber which came from trees in Brazil.Finally, let's discuss today's global trade network. Like the Columbian exchange, it's a global system. Another similarly to the Columbian exchange is that even today almost 90% of the world is cargo is still shipped by sea.Of course, we trade different things today. Instead of silk, China produces and exports clothing, electronics, and more. And today's system is much faster. Which means it's changing cultures around the world that much faster.So, as you can see, international trade has been shaping our cuisines and cultures for a very long time.
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