Following vernalization, the plants were temperature-conditioned at 20◦C/18◦C (day/night) for 3 days under an 11-h photoperiod with ambient light (300 mol m−2s−1). The plants were then moved to a fully inductive environment (25◦C/20◦C,13-h photoperiod) for bolting. The control plants remained undera 25–20◦C regime throughout the experiment (Tck).