Modem telecommunication technology provides an alternative to travel for all, but studies have focused particularly on their use as an alternative to car travel. Tel working, through which employees can work at home, has been more extensively studied, but there is interest also in tel shopping and teleconferencing. Studies in the US and Holland suggest that teleworking can reduce car use; typical teleworkers work from home two days a week, and their cars are used much less on the days when they are at home. 55 Such reductions may have efficiency benefits, and will also contribute to environmental and sustainability objectives; they will not reduce accessibility, since teleworking provides an alternative to travel. However, their impact is limited by employees' and employers' willingness to permit working from home.