This study was a descriptive correlational analysis
research. The samples were the community dwelling older
adults aged 60 and over living alone in Muang District,
Sa Kaeo Province, Thailand. The study was conducted
from April to June 2015. The inclusion criteria included:
1) living alone for at least six months, 2) being able to
speak and understand Thai language and not having
communication problems, and, 3) no impairments in
thinking and memory, based on Chula Mental Test.18 The
score obtained from the test must be equal to or greater
than 15 points. Through purposive sampling, samples of
212 participants were recruited to the study.