This means that the maximum power output and the maximum
efficiency can be obtained at the same operating current. Similarly,
the maximum power output is also an important parameter of the
solar-driven hybrid system. It confirms an upper bound of the
power output of a photovoltaic–thermoelectric hybrid system. Furthermore,
Fig. 3(b) indicates that the maximum efficiency of the
hybrid system can reach 13%. The maximum power output and
efficiency of the hybrid system can be enhanced by about 27% compared
to those of the single PV module. When the figure of merit Z
is above 0.004 K1
, the efficiency of the hybrid system can be
improved to 30%.
In the hybrid system, the heat transfer coefficient between the
TEG and the PV module is usually larger than that between the single
PV module and the ambient, and the temperature of the PV
module is lower than that of the single PV module, resulting that
the performance of the PV module in the hybrid system is better
than that of the single PV module. It is seen from Fig. 4 that the
maximum power output of the single PV module is smaller than
those of the hybrid system and the PV subsystem in the hybrid system.
Experimental results in Ref. [2] show that the temperature of
the traditional PV panel without forced-cooling treatment will
reach 363 K when the irradiation is 1000 W/m2 and the ambient
temperature is 313 K. This temperature is higher than that of the
PV/TEG/Hot-water hybrid system. The present calculation is consistent
with experimental results in Ref. [2]. However, if the
UncAPV increases and U1A1 is reduced, the temperature of the single
PV module will be lower than that of the PV subsystem in the
hybrid system. In other words, when special cooling methods are
used for the single PV module, the heat transfer coefficient
between the single PV module and the ambient will be raised,
causing that the performance of the single PV module is better
than that of the hybrid system without special cooling treatment.
This means that the maximum power output and the maximumefficiency can be obtained at the same operating current. Similarly,the maximum power output is also an important parameter of thesolar-driven hybrid system. It confirms an upper bound of thepower output of a photovoltaic–thermoelectric hybrid system. Furthermore,Fig. 3(b) indicates that the maximum efficiency of thehybrid system can reach 13%. The maximum power output andefficiency of the hybrid system can be enhanced by about 27% comparedto those of the single PV module. When the figure of merit Zis above 0.004 K1, the efficiency of the hybrid system can beimproved to 30%.In the hybrid system, the heat transfer coefficient between theTEG and the PV module is usually larger than that between the singlePV module and the ambient, and the temperature of the PVmodule is lower than that of the single PV module, resulting thatthe performance of the PV module in the hybrid system is betterthan that of the single PV module. It is seen from Fig. 4 that themaximum power output of the single PV module is smaller thanthose of the hybrid system and the PV subsystem in the hybrid system.Experimental results in Ref. [2] show that the temperature ofthe traditional PV panel without forced-cooling treatment willreach 363 K when the irradiation is 1000 W/m2 and the ambienttemperature is 313 K. This temperature is higher than that of thePV/TEG/Hot-water hybrid system. The present calculation is consistentwith experimental results in Ref. [2]. However, if the
UncAPV increases and U1A1 is reduced, the temperature of the single
PV module will be lower than that of the PV subsystem in the
hybrid system. In other words, when special cooling methods are
used for the single PV module, the heat transfer coefficient
between the single PV module and the ambient will be raised,
causing that the performance of the single PV module is better
than that of the hybrid system without special cooling treatment.
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