Maria Skłodowska was born in Warsaw, in the Russian partition of Poland, on 7 November 1867, as the fifth and youngest child of well-known teachers Bronisława, née Boguska, and Władysław Skłodowski.[8] Maria's older siblings were Zofia (born 1862), Józef (1863), Bronisława (1865) and Helena (1866).[9]
Władysław Skłodowski with daughters (from left) Maria, Bronisława, Helena, 1890
On both the paternal and maternal sides, the family had lost their property and fortunes through patriotic involvements in Polish national uprisings aimed at restoring Poland's independence (the most recent had been the January Uprising of 1863–65).[10] This condemned the subsequent generation, including Maria, her elder sisters and her brother, to a difficult struggle to get ahead in life.[10]
Maria's paternal grandfather, Józef Skłodowski, had been a respected teacher in Lublin, where he taught the young Bolesław Prus,[11] who would become a leading figure in Polish literature.[12] Her father, Władysław Skłodowski, taught mathematics and physics, subjects that Maria was to pursue, and was also director of two Warsaw gymnasia for boys.[9] After Russian authorities eliminated laboratory instruction from the Polish schools, he brought much of the laboratory equipment home, and instructed his children in its use.[9]
The father was eventually fired by his Russian supervisors for pro-Polish sentiments, and forced to take lower-paying posts; the family also lost money on a bad investment, and eventually chose to supplement their income by lodging boys in the house.[9] Maria's mother Bronisława operated a prestigious Warsaw boarding school for girls; she resigned from the position after Maria was born.[9] She died of tuberculosis in May 1878, when Maria was ten years old.[9] Less than three years earlier, Maria's oldest sibling, Zofia, had died of typhus contracted from a boarder.[9] Maria's father was an atheist; her mother a devout Catholic.[13] The deaths of Maria's mother and sister caused her to give up Catholicism and become agnostic.[14]
When she was ten years old, Maria began attending the boarding school of J. Sikorska; next she attended a gymnasium for girls, from which she graduated on 12 June 1883 with a gold medal.[8] After a collapse, possibly due to depression,[9] she spent the following year in the countryside with relatives of her father, and the next year with her father in Warsaw, where she did some tutoring.[8] Unable to enroll in a regular institution of higher education because she was a woman, she and her sister Bronisława became involved with the clandestine Flying University, a Polish patriotic institution of higher learning that admitted women students.[8][9]
At a Warsaw laboratory, in 1890–91, Maria Skłodowska did her first scientific work
Maria made an agreement with her sister, Bronisława, that she would give her financial assistance during Bronisława's medical studies in Paris, in exchange for similar assistance two years later.[8][15] In connection with this, Maria took a position as governess: first as a home tutor in Warsaw; then for two years as a governess in Szczuki with a landed family, the Żorawskis, who were relatives of her father.[8][15] While working for the latter family, she fell in love with their son, Kazimierz Żorawski, a future eminent mathematician.[15] His parents rejected the idea of his marrying the penniless relative, and Kazimierz was unable to oppose them.[15] Maria's loss of the relationship with Żorawski was tragic for both. He soon earned a doctorate and pursued an academic career as a mathematician, becoming a professor and rector of Kraków University.[10] Still, as an old man and a mathematics professor at the Warsaw Polytechnic, he would sit contemplatively before the statue of Maria Skłodowska which had been erected in 1935 before the Radium Institute that she had founded in 1932.[10][16]
At the beginning of 1890, Bronisława — who a few months earlier had married Kazimierz Dłuski, a Polish physician and social and political activist — invited Maria to join them in Paris.[8] Maria declined because she could not afford the university tuition; it would take her a year and a half longer to gather the necessary funds.[8] She was helped by her father, who was able to secure a more lucrative position again.[15] All that time she continued to educate herself, reading books, exchanging letters, and being tutored herself.[15] In early 1889 she returned home to her father in Warsaw.[8] She continued working as a governess, and remained there till late 1891.[15] She tutored, studied at the Flying University, and began her practical scientific training (1890–91) in a chemical laboratory at the Museum of Industry and Agriculture at Krakowskie Przedmieście 66, near Warsaw's Old Town.[8][9][15] The laboratory was run by her cousin Józef Boguski, who had been an assistant in Saint Petersburg to the Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev.[8][15][17]