Fig. 2. Regulation of PLD2. Tyrosine and/or serine threonine kinases act upstream of PLD and activate it by phosphorylation of
certain targeted residues. Phosphoinositides and small GTPases also act on PLD2 signaling pathways. All of these upstream actions
ultimately control PLD2’s ability to interact with other protein partners via protein–protein interactions and also modulate its lipase
and GEF activities, which effect the downstream targets such as chemotaxis and cell invasion.