In brief, this amounts to the Washington Consensus provisions plus “institutional reform” in a kind of post-Washington Consensus. Rodrik observes that institutions are deeply embedded in society, and if indeed growth requires major institutional transformation—in the areas of the rule of law, property rights protection, governance, and so on—how can we not be pessimistic about the prospects for growth in poor countries, since typically institutional change rarely happens as the result of major political upheavals?