One of the earliest and most significant papers on machine intelligence,
‘Computing machinery and intelligence’, was written by the British mathematician
Alan Turing over fifty years ago (Turing, 1950). However, it has stood up
well to the test of time, and Turing’s approach remains universal.
Alan Turing began his scientific career in the early 1930s by rediscovering the
Central Limit Theorem. In 1937 he wrote a paper on computable numbers, in
which he proposed the concept of a universal machine. Later, during the Second
World War, he was a key player in deciphering Enigma, the German military
encoding machine. After the war, Turing designed the ‘Automatic Computing
Engine’. He also wrote the first program capable of playing a complete chess
game; it was later implemented on the Manchester University computer.
Turing’s theoretical concept of the universal computer and his practical experience
in building code-breaking systems equipped him to approach the key
fundamental question of artificial intelligence. He asked: Is there thought
without experience? Is there mind without communication? Is there language
without living? Is there intelligence without life? All these questions, as you can
see, are just variations on the fundamental question of artificial intelligence, Can
machines think?
Turing did not provide definitions of machines and thinking, he just avoided
semantic arguments by inventing a game, the Turing imitation game. Instead
of asking, ‘Can machines think?’, Turing said we should ask, ‘Can machines pass
a behaviour test for intelligence?’ He predicted that by the year 2000, a computer
could be programmed to have a conversation with a human interrogator for five
minutes and would have a 30 per cent chance of deceiving the interrogator that
it was a human. Turing defined the intelligent behaviour of a computer as the
ability to achieve the human-level performance in cognitive tasks. In other words,
a computer passes the test if interrogators cannot distinguish the
machine from a human on the basis of the answers to their questions.
One of the earliest and most significant papers on machine intelligence,‘Computing machinery and intelligence’, was written by the British mathematicianAlan Turing over fifty years ago (Turing, 1950). However, it has stood upwell to the test of time, and Turing’s approach remains universal.Alan Turing began his scientific career in the early 1930s by rediscovering theCentral Limit Theorem. In 1937 he wrote a paper on computable numbers, inwhich he proposed the concept of a universal machine. Later, during the SecondWorld War, he was a key player in deciphering Enigma, the German militaryencoding machine. After the war, Turing designed the ‘Automatic ComputingEngine’. He also wrote the first program capable of playing a complete chessgame; it was later implemented on the Manchester University computer.Turing’s theoretical concept of the universal computer and his practical experiencein building code-breaking systems equipped him to approach the keyfundamental question of artificial intelligence. He asked: Is there thoughtwithout experience? Is there mind without communication? Is there languagewithout living? Is there intelligence without life? All these questions, as you cansee, are just variations on the fundamental question of artificial intelligence, Canmachines think?Turing did not provide definitions of machines and thinking, he just avoidedsemantic arguments by inventing a game, the Turing imitation game. Insteadof asking, ‘Can machines think?’, Turing said we should ask, ‘Can machines passa behaviour test for intelligence?’ He predicted that by the year 2000, a computercould be programmed to have a conversation with a human interrogator for fiveminutes and would have a 30 per cent chance of deceiving the interrogator thatit was a human. Turing defined the intelligent behaviour of a computer as theability to achieve the human-level performance in cognitive tasks. In other words, a computer passes the test if interrogators cannot distinguish themachine from a human on the basis of the answers to their questions.
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..
