Of note, some patients may refuse or be unsuitable for warfarin or NOAC thromboprophylaxis. Combination antiplatelet therapy may have some benefits in reducing the risk of stroke in some patients with AF, although this benefit declines with increasing age and the risk of major bleeding remains [108]. The ACTIVE A trial investigated whether the addition of clopidogrel to aspirin offered any benefit in reducing the risk of vascular events including stroke in patients not suitable for VKA therapy [81]. The results showed that the addition of clopidogrel to aspirin significantly reduced the incidence of major vascular events (RR 0.89, 95% CI 0.81–0.98; P = 0.01) and ischaemic stroke (RR 0.72, 95% CI 0.62–0.83; P < 0.001) but also increased the incidence of major haemorrhage (RR 1.57, 95% CI 1.29–1.92; P < 0.001). Accordingly, the risks and benefits of such treatment should be carefully considered.