c. Ineffective and Irrational Regulations
The lack of general and practical regulatory practices
led to dysfunctional planning. Commerce and business
were not categorized in land use, and residential areas
were coarsely classified only in two general types,
i.e., existing and future. Since FAR, height, and other
building criteria were taken as average ones in a block
bounded by streets, the regulation of a plot, or plots, in
that block depended not on statutory requirements but
on the discretion of government authorities, thereby
being vulnerable to arbitrariness. Since procedures
for determining building criteria and evaluating
development impacts were not established, decisions by
city authorities tended to favor developers