The project's lack of progress drew public criticism from Senator Patrick Leahy (D-Vt.), who said "the FBI's long-anticipated Virtual Case File has been a train wreck in slow motion, at a cost of $170 million to American taxpayers and an unknown cost to public safety." To the contrary, Duane Andrews, SAIC's chief operating officer, said "The FBI modernization effort involved a massive technological and cultural change, agency wide. To add to that complexity, in the time that SAIC has been working on the Trilogy project, the FBI has had four different CIOs and 14 different managers. Establishing and setting system requirements in this environment has been incredibly challenging.