Along with the socialist transformation in the southern big cities 5
was declining, and food shortages forced North Vietnam to live off of the support of foreign aid. particularly in Ho Chi Minh City, southern peasant households were forced to participate in so-called “low-level” or pre-cooperatives that were based on labor exchange or formed “solidarity teams.” Some pilot cooperatives were also subsequently developed. The purpose was to immediately strengthen the district level and prepare the necessary conditions to undertake rapid large-scale collectivization. However, the practice of collectivization in South Vietnam was not particularly successful. In 1979, there were only 272 cooperatives in South Vietnam and in 1980, only 24.5 percent of farm households belonged to a cooperative. In many cases, southern cooperatives were listed in the papers as notional cooperatives rather than cooperates that actually functioned in practice (Kerkvliet 1995; Tran 1998).
Along with the socialist transformation in the southern big cities 5was declining, and food shortages forced North Vietnam to live off of the support of foreign aid. particularly in Ho Chi Minh City, southern peasant households were forced to participate in so-called “low-level” or pre-cooperatives that were based on labor exchange or formed “solidarity teams.” Some pilot cooperatives were also subsequently developed. The purpose was to immediately strengthen the district level and prepare the necessary conditions to undertake rapid large-scale collectivization. However, the practice of collectivization in South Vietnam was not particularly successful. In 1979, there were only 272 cooperatives in South Vietnam and in 1980, only 24.5 percent of farm households belonged to a cooperative. In many cases, southern cooperatives were listed in the papers as notional cooperatives rather than cooperates that actually functioned in practice (Kerkvliet 1995; Tran 1998).
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