Beyond the power sector, there are early opportunities for CCS deployment where policy settings and strategic factors align. For example, many of today’s large-scale CCS projects are in natural gas processing, hydrogen production, bioethanol and fertiliser manufacture where the separation of CO2 is already an inherent part of the process. In gas processing, CCS abatement costs can be as low as USD 5-20 per tonne of CO2. In other industrial applications, CCS costs are currently higher; for example the cost of a tonne of CO2 avoided in steel or cement production could start from USD 60 per tonne. The continued economic importance of commodities such as steel, cement and fertiliser underscores the importance of enhanced R&D efforts to reduce CCS costs for industrial applications.