through their expressive aspects, such as advertising, stories re-
counted by tourists, as well as their photographs and diaries, rather than through direct apprehension of tourist behavior during the tourist period. This is an accusation aimed. somewhat unfairly in this writer's opinion, at MacCanno1.1 (1976), bemuse, they claim, tourism is that kind of commodity whose actuality is less manipu-
lable—and less important—than its representations (before and after) in the ultimate sphere of reference, life in the home com-
munity. Thus the image of the tourist experience, like the photo-
graphs and the memories, are subject to extreme selection, unlike those of material commodities such as clothing, houses, or auto-
mobiles. They restrict their analysis to the middle classes of France. showing that (1) the close connection of stable classes with tourist consumption styles broke down by the end of the 1950s, (2) life-style (rather than income) determines tourism styles, (3) intellectuals, who are responsible for the image formation of tourist styles, have created competing styles based both on class values and on fads of lifestyle in the following order: aristocratic, which has been usurped by the executive class (palatial hotels. etc.): the fours SSSS (e.g., Club Med for "youth"); ethnic and cultural (for the self-consciously "in-
tellectual"); and risky adventure (rebelling against all the others). This is a theoretical advance, for it both analyzes the variety of modern tourism and provides an analytical interconnection ac-
counting for their emergence. Nevertheless one must attempt to go further to explain, in general terms, why the specific touristic modes are attached to particular social groups at the historical period when
they are found.
There are three interconnected factors which generate the patterns found and which may predict further touristic patterns: (1) discretionary income; (2) cultural self-confidence: and (3) symbolic inversions or reversals.
1. Discretionary income: This may be a limiting factor such that certain economic groups are cut off from certain touristic styles. thus allowing the more affluent to claim group membership through their symbolic consumption patterns (Smith 1979:58). As the Thurots point out, on the one hand some may "pinch" their normal lifestyle and go into debt in order to claim a more prestigious though temporary group membership, and on the other, the very rich may opt out of the system and buy themselves large well-guarded estates as second homes. And, as Campbell (1978) has brilliantly shown. affluent blue-collar workers may decide not to be tourists, though they can well afford it. Nevertheless, income is a factor to be juggled when deciding amongst competing styles whether to emphasize
through their expressive aspects, such as advertising, stories re-
counted by tourists, as well as their photographs and diaries, rather than through direct apprehension of tourist behavior during the tourist period. This is an accusation aimed. somewhat unfairly in this writer's opinion, at MacCanno1.1 (1976), bemuse, they claim, tourism is that kind of commodity whose actuality is less manipu-
lable—and less important—than its representations (before and after) in the ultimate sphere of reference, life in the home com-
munity. Thus the image of the tourist experience, like the photo-
graphs and the memories, are subject to extreme selection, unlike those of material commodities such as clothing, houses, or auto-
mobiles. They restrict their analysis to the middle classes of France. showing that (1) the close connection of stable classes with tourist consumption styles broke down by the end of the 1950s, (2) life-style (rather than income) determines tourism styles, (3) intellectuals, who are responsible for the image formation of tourist styles, have created competing styles based both on class values and on fads of lifestyle in the following order: aristocratic, which has been usurped by the executive class (palatial hotels. etc.): the fours SSSS (e.g., Club Med for "youth"); ethnic and cultural (for the self-consciously "in-
tellectual"); and risky adventure (rebelling against all the others). This is a theoretical advance, for it both analyzes the variety of modern tourism and provides an analytical interconnection ac-
counting for their emergence. Nevertheless one must attempt to go further to explain, in general terms, why the specific touristic modes are attached to particular social groups at the historical period when
they are found.
There are three interconnected factors which generate the patterns found and which may predict further touristic patterns: (1) discretionary income; (2) cultural self-confidence: and (3) symbolic inversions or reversals.
1. Discretionary income: This may be a limiting factor such that certain economic groups are cut off from certain touristic styles. thus allowing the more affluent to claim group membership through their symbolic consumption patterns (Smith 1979:58). As the Thurots point out, on the one hand some may "pinch" their normal lifestyle and go into debt in order to claim a more prestigious though temporary group membership, and on the other, the very rich may opt out of the system and buy themselves large well-guarded estates as second homes. And, as Campbell (1978) has brilliantly shown. affluent blue-collar workers may decide not to be tourists, though they can well afford it. Nevertheless, income is a factor to be juggled when deciding amongst competing styles whether to emphasize
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