Earlier investigations on project managers’ leadership
were done using case studies. Holt (1989) mapped the leadership
principles of Peters and Waterman’s (1982) ‘‘In
search of Excellence” against leadership attributes identified
through interviews and found that some, but not all
of the principles are required for leadership in projects.
Another case study used the Blake and Mouton (1978) grid
to identify low task and high relationship attitude as
appropriate leadership style in Asia (Walker and Kalinowski,
1994). The importance of vision for leadership was outlined
by Christenson and Walker (2004),