Abstract Nanoparticles as drug delivery systems enable unique appro aches for
cancer treatment. Over the last two decades, a large number of nanoparticle
delivery systems have been developed for cancer therapy, including organic and
inorganic materials. Many liposomal, polymer–drug conjugates, and micellar for-
mulation s are part of the state of the art in the clinics, and an even greater number of
nanoparticle platforms are currently in the preclinical stages of development. More
recently developed nanoparticles are demonstrating the potential sophistication