Multiple aspects of education, such as academic performance, educational attainment, and school behaviors, have been associated with drug use and other antisocial behavior in both White and Black populations. For example, school performance has been frequently linked to the initiation of drug use in adolescence and with drug involvement after graduation. Educational attainment, as indicated by both years of education and level of education, has had a consistent inverse relationship with drug use and drug use problems. This inverse relationship has been found for both males and females and for both Whites and Blacks