41 The exchange differences referred to in paragraph 39(c) result from:
(a) translating income and expenses at the exchange rates at the dates of the transactions and assets and liabilities at the closing rate.
(b) translating the opening net assets at a closing rate that differs from the previous closing rate.
These exchange differences are not recognised in profit or loss because the changes in exchange rates have little or no direct effect on the present and future cash flows from operations. The cumulative amount of the exchange differences is presented in a separate component of equity until disposal of the foreign operation. When the exchange differences relate to a foreign operation that is consolidated but not wholly-owned, accumulated exchange differences arising from translation and attributable to non-controlling interests are allocated to, and recognised as part of, non-controlling interests in the consolidated statement of financial position.