Both the miscommunication and communication delays can be overcome by the cloud-based system with RFID.
The simulation model, covering fabrication through installation, was developed to evaluate the three scenarios for different job types (30% duct work only, 30% pipe work only, and 40% both). The manufacturing process flow was modeled for different types of products (pipe and duct spools with different thickness and shapes). All the simulation parameters were estimated based on the data collected on the spot or provided by the studied contractor along the manufacturing processes on each product type. It is assumed that the disruption in the first scenario affects 40–80 spools (uniformly distributed) and causes 2–4 days of downtime distributed uniformly. The downtime is assumed to be re-
duced to 1 day in the second scenario and removed in the third scenario.
More detailed descriptions on simulation modeling and results are provided in [32].