By-products ofpersonal aspirations. It is possible to structure new incentives 1 or create new opportunities lor personal advantage or satishction rhat can indirectly
result in social benefit (e.g.. offering to share the benefits of cost-reducing
innovations with public sector employees who conceive rhem and implement
1 them).
Comnplementarip. Two or more activities can be joined so that each makes
the other more productive (e.g., public works construction and combating unemployment).
Development. A sequence of activities or operations may have the potential
to be arranged to rake advantage of a developmental process (e.g., assessing welfare
clients for employabilicy and vocational interest before, rather than after,
sending them out on a job search).
Exr17nizge. There are unrealized possibiliries for exchange that would increase
social value. We typically design policies to exploit those that simulate marketlike
arrangements (e.g., pollution permit auctions, and arrangemenrs ro reimburse
an agency for services it renders anorher agency's clients or customers).
MttltipLj~mtctiomzs. A system can be designed so that one feature can be used
to perform two or more functions (e.g., when a tax administrator dramatizes an
enforcement case in such a way as both to deter potential violators and to reassure
nonviolators rhat they are not being made into suckers for their honesty).
No17haditiom7alpa~iripantsL.i ne-level employees of public agencies often
have knowledge of potential program improvements that could usefully be incor-
I porated into the agencies' policies and operations. The same is true of the agencies'
customers or clients or the parties that they regulate.