Substituting wheat flour with the heat-moisture treated GBR
flour resulted in a similar spread factor as that of the control wheat
cookie, and no significant change was observed with increasing
addition of the treated GBR (Table 2). Adding the treated GBR flour
to the cookies resulted in a greater spread factors compared to
those of the cookies of untreated GBR flour. Heat-moisture treatment
of GBR induced the molecular rearrangement possibly among
the macromolecules. The rearrangement induced by the thermal
treatment was expected to change the overall matrix structure and
water retention of the cookies. The moisture content of the cookies
containing the treated GBR flour was slightly lower than that of the
cookies containing the untreated GBR (Table 2). However, the
thermal treatment for GBR might reduce the dough viscosity,
resulting in the increases in the spread factor. Analyses in the
compositional changes and dough viscosity should be done to
understand the mechanism for these changes. However, the increase
in spread factor by using the heat-moisture treated GBR was
favorable for cookie production.