significant decrease in the E. coli survival ratio
was confirmed at the flow rate of 30 mL/min. Some E. coli cells were
detected before an elapsed time of 3 min because the live E. coli
cells in the flow line were not washed out completely within 3 min.
After the elapsed time of 6 min, no E. coli cells were detected. The
temperature of the milk in the treatment chamber reached a steady
state after 3 min and the temperatures of the milk at the flow rates
of 60, 40, and 30 mL/min were 40.5, 43.2, and 44.8 C, respectively