The concept of engineering change in manufacturing typically deals with any changes or inconsistencies
between product design, engineering and manufacturing life-cycles. Engineering change management (ECM)
is thus focused on the co-ordinance of product life-cycle model (PLM) and the enterprise management model
in ERP, as shown in Figure 3. Since engineering change is not contractual, the impact of engineering changes
stays generally within an organization and is well controlled via the vast adoption of integrated systems in
manufacturing enterprises, such as CAD/CAE/CAPP, PLM, and ERP software tools. Construction changes,
on the other hand, are harder to control because of the fragmented nature of the industry as well as a low
investment and limited adoption of IT technologies.