aggressive behaviors and handling difficulties. The optimalage at which a pig should be castrated to minimizeeffects on performance and well being remains an areaof debate in scientific and production arenas. Pigs castratedat several weeks of age, as opposed to severaldays of age, exhibit greater negative behavioral andphysiological responses to castration (Wemelsfelderand Van Putten, 1985; McGlone and Hellman, 1988).Hence, castration before weaning is currently recommended(Widowski and Torrey, 2002). Nevertheless, inpigs <21 d of age, the optimal age to castrate is unclear.The stress of castration can affect a number of factors,including behavior, endocrine and immune profiles,physiological responses, and growth performance.
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