The cell cycle can be stopped in G1/0 or S phase, which
indicates the repair via the NHEJ pathway, or it can be stopped
in G2 phase, which points to the HR pathway .
Regardless of the approach, if the repair is unsuccessful, it
leads to apoptotic cell death . Our results revealed an
early step in cell response to DSBs and their reparation kinetics
after low-dose proton beam irradiation.