The 5-day CO-Synch þ CIDR and 14-day CIDR–PGF–
GnRH estrous synchronization protocols evaluated in the
present study have proven to be successful methods to
facilitate FTAI in beef heifers but had never been directly
compared in a large multilocation field study. Despite the
fact that each protocol varies in its approach to facilitate a
synchronous ovulation at FTAI, results from the present
study support that FTAI pregnancy rates in beef heifers did
not differ when using these protocols. It should be noted
that even though these protocols did not affect FTAI pregnancy
rate, prepubertal heifers (based on the RTSs) at
protocol initiation had a reduction in FTAI pregnancy rates.
This outcome validates the importance of proper heifer
development programs to ensure that puberty is attained
before initiation of the breeding season [11].
Numerous estrous synchronization protocols are available
for facilitating AI in beef cattle. Although some of these
protocols rely on estrous detection, several recently
developed protocols facilitate breeding of all females at a
predetermined time. These programs synchronize the time
of ovulation and thus eliminate estrus detection. Recently,
several FTAI approaches have been developed for beef
heifers. Among these include the 5-day CO-Synch þ CIDR
protocol and 14-day CIDR–PGF protocols with or without
GnRH [10].
The LT protocol uses an LT progestin treatment
to facilitate a tight synchrony of estrous expression after
PGF administration [12,13], and thus, the LT protocol does
not rely on GnRH to control follicular dynamics during
estrous synchronization. Administration of GnRH to initiate
a new wave of ovarian follicular development was not
required with the LT CIDR approaches, and removal of
GnRH administration resulted in a tight synchrony of estrus
[14] and showed a similar [14] tendency to improve FTAI
pregnancy rates compared to when GnRH was administered
[10,14]. In the present study, this longer approach
without GnRH resulted in acceptable FTAI pregnancy rates
(54.5% and 56.9%) but did not improve FTAI pregnancy rates
when compared to the ST protocol (P > 0.1).
The ST protocol was developed on the principle that
reducing the interval from CIDR insertion and GnRH to
CIDR removal and PGF from 7 to 5 days would allow the
interval from CIDR removal to FTAI to be extended to
72 hours, thus maximizing preovulatory estradiol concentrations
[6]. In cattle, it has been found that maximizing
preovulatory estradiol concentrations during the preovulatory
period increases the probability of becoming pregnant
[15,16]. In the recent study, however, there was a
greater pregnancy rate after 56 hours of interval from CIDR
removal to FTAI proving that 56 hours of interval is suffi-
cient to maximize preovulatory estradiol concentrations
[7]. This protocol relies on GnRH to reset follicular development
at CIDR insertion, which has been reported to have
limited [17] and significant [18] effectiveness in beef
heifers. However, the 5-day interval from GnRH to PGF may
limit asynchronous follicular development in females that
fail to respond to the initial GnRH administration [15]. In
the present study, the AI pregnancy for ST treatment did
not differ from the LT treatment.
Although FTAI pregnancy rates were not impacted
by treatment, pubertal status at protocol initiation affected
FTAI pregnancy rates. The proportion of pubertal heifers
at the start of the breeding season, however, can
vary dramatically across herds [11] and is influenced by
numerous factors, including age, weight, body condition, and
breed [19–21]. Given the extended duration of the LT treatment
and the necessity to initiate this protocol earlier to
allow for similar days of AI among protocols, it was expected
and observed that fewer heifers in this treatment group
would be pubertal at protocol initiation across all locations.
Heifers that failed to attain puberty before protocol initiation
had reduced FTAI pregnancy rates, emphasizing the importance
of proper heifer development before the initiation of
the breeding season. Although providing progesterone can
stimulate pubertal attainment in previously prepubertal
heifers [22,23], it does not negate the importance of having a
high proportion of heifers pubertal at the initiation of the
breeding season to maximize pregnancy success [11]. Similar
to results in the present study, other studies in beef heifers
have reported improved AI pregnancy rates in heifers that
were pubertal or postpubertal at the time of treatment
initiation to induce or synchronize the time of estrus,
respectively [11,23–25], yet others have observed that pubertal
status at the onset of the breeding season does not
affect pregnancy success to AI [26].
The interval from PGF injection to FTAI for the LT protocol
used in the present study was 72 hours. In previous
studies, the insemination was performed between 66 and
72 hours. Those studies [12–14] reported that the peak
estrous response occurred from 48 to 60 hours after the
PGF treatment assessed by a heat watch system. The
optimal time to AI in the beef heifers is 4 to 20 hours after
the detection of estrus by using the HeatWatch system [27].
On the basis of this information, acceptable AI pregnancy
can be achieved if the beef heifers are inseminated between
52 and 80 hours after the PGF injection.
The intervals from CIDR removal (from the first PGF
injection) to FTAI for the ST protocol used in the present
study were 56 and 72 hours. Insemination at 56 hours after
CIDR removal when the ST protocol was used resulted in
greater AI pregnancy rates than with insemination at
72 hours [7]. In the present study, both 56 and 72 hours of
insemination timings for the ST protocol were compared
with insemination at 72 hours for the LT protocol to
determine the difference in AI pregnancy rates; insemination
was performed at the same time (72 hours) for both ST
and LT protocols and compared with insemination at
different periods (56 vs. 72 hours). There was no difference
in AI pregnancy between the ST and LT protocols irrespective
of the difference in the timing of insemination for
the ST protocol. In a previous study, it was reported that
there was dominant follicle regression and a new wave of
ovarian follicle development occurring after Day 25, and
the variance in follicle diameter on Day 30 was less in
heifers treated using the LT protocol indicating the presence
of a dominant follicle [10]. Similarly, the presence of a
dominant follicle occurs by 56 hours after CIDR removal
[7,15,16]. Elevated estradiol concentrations before estrus
are important for follicular and oocyte maturation and
uterine function [16]. Therefore, when using protocols to
synchronize the time of ovulation in cattle, maximizing the
proportion of females with a dominant follicle before FTAI
is critical even if estrus is not exhibited.
It should be noted that in experiment 1, four locations
had greater AI pregnancy for the ST protocol and three
locations had greater AI pregnancy for the LT protocol.
Similarly, in experiment 2, two locations had higher AI
pregnancy for the ST protocol and two locations had higher
AI pregnancy for the LT protocol. This variability in the AI
pregnancy rate, noted in this study, may not have been
caused by the synchronization treatment per se but by
other problems inherent in the AI programs in which large
numbers of animals are inseminated in a short time span
[28]. When selecting a program to synchronize the time of
estrus and ovulation in cattle, however, attention should be
focused on its monetary advantage compared with natural
service and its benefit over other synchronization protocols
in an individual herd. Utilization of protocols to synchronize
estrus and ovulation as compared with the use of
natural service in beef heifers provides for an advantage of
enhanced pregnancy rates [29] and lifetime revenue [30].
The probability of conception early in the first breeding
season is increased in beef heifers that have experienced
multiple estrous cycles before the onset of the breeding
season [31,32]. The most effective method to induce
puberty in heifers involves administration of a progestin
[33–35]. Although progesterone supplementation before
the beginning of the breeding season helped prepubertal
and peripubertal beef heifers in achieving greater AI pregnancy
rates [36], studies [23–25] have reported improved
AI pregnancy in pubertal compared with prepubertal beef
heifers after progesterone-based synchronization protocol
as noted in this study. This warrants detailed investigation
on the role of progesterone supplementation in improving
AI pregnancy in prepubertal heifers.
Þ Synch ร่วม 5 วัน CIDR และ CIDR วันที่ 14 – PGF –โพรโทคอตรง estrous ประเมินในบางส่วนการศึกษาปัจจุบันถูกพิสูจน์ว่า วิธีการประสบความสำเร็จในการช่วย FTAI ใน heifers เนื้อ แต่ไม่ได้โดยตรงเปรียบเทียบในการศึกษา multilocation ฟิลด์ขนาดใหญ่ แม้มีการความจริงที่แต่ละโพรโทคอลที่แตกต่างในวิธีการเพื่อความสะดวกในการตกไข่แบบซิงโครนัสที่ FTAI ผลจากปัจจุบันสนับสนุนการศึกษาที่ไม่ได้ตั้งครรภ์ราคาถูก FTAI ใน heifers เนื้อไม่แตกต่างเมื่อใช้โพรโทคอเหล่านี้ ควรจดบันทึกว่า แม้ว่าโพรโทคอเหล่านี้ไม่มีผลต่อการตั้งครรภ์ FTAIอัตรา prepubertal heifers (ตาม RTSs) ที่โพรโทคอลเริ่มต้นได้ลดในราคาตั้งครรภ์ FTAIผลที่ได้นี้ตรวจสอบความสำคัญของ heifer เหมาะสมพัฒนาโปรแกรมเพื่อให้มั่นใจว่า บรรลุวัยแรกรุ่นก่อนเริ่มต้นฤดูกาลผสมพันธุ์ [11]โพรโทคอตรง estrous จำนวนมากมีสำหรับอำนวยความสะดวก AI ในเนื้อวัว แม้เหล่านี้โปรโตคอลพึ่งตรวจ estrous หลายล่าสุดพัฒนาโปรโตคอลช่วยในการผสมพันธุ์ของฉันทั้งหมดที่มีเวลาที่กำหนดไว้ โปรแกรมเหล่านี้ตรงเวลาของการตกไข่ และกำจัด estrus ตรวจดัง นั้น ล่าสุดได้รับการพัฒนาหลายวิธี FTAI สำหรับเนื้อheifers ในหมู่เหล่านี้รวมþ Synch ร่วม 5 วันเป็น CIDRโพรโทคอลและ 14 วัน CIDR – PGF โปรโตคอล หรือไม่บางส่วน [10]โพรโทคอล LT ใช้รักษา progestin มีลายเพื่ออำนวยความสะดวก synchrony แน่นของนิพจน์ estrous หลังไม่ดูแล PGF [12,13], และ โพรโทคอล LTไม่พึ่งพาบางส่วนเพื่อควบคุม dynamics follicular ระหว่างตรง estrous การจัดการบางส่วนเพื่อเริ่มต้นนิวเวฟของ follicular พัฒนารังไข่ไม่มีวิธี LT CIDR และการกำจัดบริหารบางส่วนให้ synchrony แน่นของ estrus[14] และแสดงให้เห็นแนวโน้มคล้ายกัน [14] ในการปรับปรุง FTAIราคาตั้งครรภ์เมื่อเปรียบเทียบกับเมื่อถูกจัดการบางส่วน[10,14] . ในการศึกษาปัจจุบัน วิธีนี้อีกต่อไปโดยบางส่วนส่งผลให้อัตราการตั้งครรภ์ FTAI ยอมรับได้(54.5% และ 56.9%) แต่ไม่ได้เพิ่มอัตราการตั้งครรภ์ FTAIเมื่อเทียบกับโพรโทคอลเซนต์ (P > 0.1)โพรโทคอลเซนต์ได้รับการพัฒนาบนหลักการที่ลดช่วงเวลาแทรก CIDR และบางส่วนไปเอา CIDR และ PGF 7 ไปอีก 5 วันจะช่วยให้การช่วงจากเอา CIDR FTAI เพื่อขยายให้72 ชั่วโมง จึง เพิ่มความเข้มข้นของ preovulatory estradiol[6] ในวัว จะพบว่าเพิ่มความเข้มข้นของ preovulatory estradiol ระหว่างที่ preovulatoryรอบระยะเวลาเพิ่มความเป็นไปได้ของการตั้งครรภ์[15,16] . ในการศึกษาล่าสุด อย่างไรก็ตาม มีการอัตราตั้งครรภ์มากขึ้นหลังจากช่วงจาก CIDR 56 ชั่วโมงเอา FTAI พิสูจน์ 56 ชั่วโมงของช่วงเวลา suffi-เพื่อเพิ่มความเข้มข้นของ preovulatory estradiol cient[7] การโพรโทคอลนี้อาศัยบางส่วนใหม่พัฒนา follicularที่แทรก CIDR ซึ่งมีรายงานว่า มีlimited [17] and significant [18] effectiveness in beefheifers. However, the 5-day interval from GnRH to PGF maylimit asynchronous follicular development in females thatfail to respond to the initial GnRH administration [15]. Inthe present study, the AI pregnancy for ST treatment didnot differ from the LT treatment.Although FTAI pregnancy rates were not impactedby treatment, pubertal status at protocol initiation affectedFTAI pregnancy rates. The proportion of pubertal heifersat the start of the breeding season, however, canvary dramatically across herds [11] and is influenced bynumerous factors, including age, weight, body condition, andbreed [19–21]. Given the extended duration of the LT treatmentand the necessity to initiate this protocol earlier toallow for similar days of AI among protocols, it was expectedand observed that fewer heifers in this treatment groupwould be pubertal at protocol initiation across all locations.Heifers that failed to attain puberty before protocol initiationhad reduced FTAI pregnancy rates, emphasizing the importanceof proper heifer development before the initiation ofthe breeding season. Although providing progesterone canstimulate pubertal attainment in previously prepubertalheifers [22,23], it does not negate the importance of having ahigh proportion of heifers pubertal at the initiation of thebreeding season to maximize pregnancy success [11]. Similarto results in the present study, other studies in beef heifershave reported improved AI pregnancy rates in heifers thatwere pubertal or postpubertal at the time of treatmentinitiation to induce or synchronize the time of estrus,respectively [11,23–25], yet others have observed that pubertalstatus at the onset of the breeding season does notaffect pregnancy success to AI [26].The interval from PGF injection to FTAI for the LT protocolused in the present study was 72 hours. In previousstudies, the insemination was performed between 66 and72 hours. Those studies [12–14] reported that the peakestrous response occurred from 48 to 60 hours after thePGF treatment assessed by a heat watch system. Theoptimal time to AI in the beef heifers is 4 to 20 hours afterthe detection of estrus by using the HeatWatch system [27].On the basis of this information, acceptable AI pregnancycan be achieved if the beef heifers are inseminated between52 and 80 hours after the PGF injection.The intervals from CIDR removal (from the first PGFinjection) to FTAI for the ST protocol used in the presentstudy were 56 and 72 hours. Insemination at 56 hours afterCIDR removal when the ST protocol was used resulted ingreater AI pregnancy rates than with insemination at72 hours [7]. In the present study, both 56 and 72 hours ofinsemination timings for the ST protocol were comparedwith insemination at 72 hours for the LT protocol todetermine the difference in AI pregnancy rates; inseminationwas performed at the same time (72 hours) for both STand LT protocols and compared with insemination atdifferent periods (56 vs. 72 hours). There was no differencein AI pregnancy between the ST and LT protocols irrespectiveof the difference in the timing of insemination forthe ST protocol. In a previous study, it was reported thatthere was dominant follicle regression and a new wave ofovarian follicle development occurring after Day 25, andthe variance in follicle diameter on Day 30 was less inheifers treated using the LT protocol indicating the presenceof a dominant follicle [10]. Similarly, the presence of adominant follicle occurs by 56 hours after CIDR removal[7,15,16]. Elevated estradiol concentrations before estrusare important for follicular and oocyte maturation anduterine function [16]. Therefore, when using protocols tosynchronize the time of ovulation in cattle, maximizing theproportion of females with a dominant follicle before FTAIis critical even if estrus is not exhibited.It should be noted that in experiment 1, four locationshad greater AI pregnancy for the ST protocol and threelocations had greater AI pregnancy for the LT protocol.Similarly, in experiment 2, two locations had higher AIpregnancy for the ST protocol and two locations had higherAI pregnancy for the LT protocol. This variability in the AIpregnancy rate, noted in this study, may not have beencaused by the synchronization treatment per se but byother problems inherent in the AI programs in which largenumbers of animals are inseminated in a short time span[28]. When selecting a program to synchronize the time ofestrus and ovulation in cattle, however, attention should befocused on its monetary advantage compared with naturalservice and its benefit over other synchronization protocolsin an individual herd. Utilization of protocols to synchronizeestrus and ovulation as compared with the use ofnatural service in beef heifers provides for an advantage ofenhanced pregnancy rates [29] and lifetime revenue [30].The probability of conception early in the first breedingseason is increased in beef heifers that have experiencedmultiple estrous cycles before the onset of the breedingseason [31,32]. The most effective method to inducepuberty in heifers involves administration of a progestin[33–35]. Although progesterone supplementation beforethe beginning of the breeding season helped prepubertaland peripubertal beef heifers in achieving greater AI pregnancyrates [36], studies [23–25] have reported improvedAI pregnancy in pubertal compared with prepubertal beefheifers after progesterone-based synchronization protocolas noted in this study. This warrants detailed investigationon the role of progesterone supplementation in improvingAI pregnancy in prepubertal heifers.
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