The single pellet density was calculated from measured mass and volume of individual pellets. Forces and displacement to form pellets were recorded to calculate the energy consumption. A humidity chamber (ESPEC CORP, LHU-113, Japan) at 303 K with 90% relative humidity was used for measuring the moisture uptake of torrefied and control pellets. The Meyer hardness (HM) is measured to indicate the durability of pellets.16 To measure HM, the pellet was placed on a flat plate and pressed on using a 6.35 mm cylinder with a hemispherical tip between two anvils under the MTI crosshead. The force was diametrical. The maximum force (F) to break a pellet was recorded (see Figure 6). The following equation is used to calculate HM: