korean society is enduring chaotic vibrations not only within its politics, but almost in every other social unit imaginable, including private enterprises, academia, the classrooms, and family. the authoritarianism of the past has weakened much faster than anticipated. the signs of its collapse appeared first in the political sector-the 2002 presidential election and the 2004 national assembly election. the problem was that there was no sign of a viable new authority to replace this dismantled authoritarianism. the old-time authoritarianism is weakening, but it has been difficult to find new authorities.