For effect size calculation (see forthcoming Meta-Analytic Strategy section), studies needed to report either (a) means, standard deviations, and relevant N for each Eastern and Western sample; (b) pairwise East–West test statistics (independent samplest- or F-statistics) with corresponding degrees of freedom; or (c) standardized mean effect size differences between Eastern and Western samples (e.g., Cohen’s d) and sample sizes. When these statistics were not available, requests to authors asked for either the missing information or for original data sets. For unnumerated tests described merely as “nonsignificant,” we coded the effect size as zero; this approach is overly conservative but a common assumption when specific results are not reported or obtainable