Plant factories with artificial lighting (PFALs), where leafy vegetables are cultivated until harvest in closed plant production systems with artificial lighting (CPPSs), were proposed, developed, and implemented in Japan during the 1980s. During the 1990s, the products from these factories received high evaluations by the food service industry, to which they primarily catered. During the 2000s, commercial production of nursery plants of fruits and vegetables, flowers and ornamental plants was initiated in CPPSs or PFALs (see Chapter 19). PFALs also provide good cultivation systems for the production of plants for pharmaceutical use.