Presently, King Bhumibol Adulyadej’s philosophy of sufficiency economy is very important
in Thailand. From the king’s perspective, all fields of research can apply this philosophy.
In the field of education, providing citizens, who hold the philosophy of sufficiency economy
(PSE) as the way of their life or working, is a crucial goal. The PSE stresses the Buddhist
principle of the “middle path” as a guiding principle for people at all levels of their livelihood.
The philosophy of a sufficiency economy includes three elements: moderation, reasonableness, and self-immunity, and requires two conditions for the philosophy to work: knowledge
and virtues. The Figure 2 sums up the philosophy (UNDP, 2007).