tty is the terminal associated with the current process
tty1-tty63 are the virtual consoles (most systems only use the first 6 for text consoles though)
tty0 is the currently selected virtual console
ttyAMA0 is the built in UART on the Pi
ttyprintk is a driver that allows output of messages through the system used by printk messages from the kernel.
USB ports themselves don't have tty devices associated. However USB to serial adaptors and devices that contain or emulate USB to serial adaptors will have a tty device, Usually the name is ttyUSB but some devices use other names. You don't seem to have any such devices in your system at the moment.