Mycorrhizae, or "fungus-roots," involve the intimate
association of plant roots with specialized soil fungi. Foresttree
seedlings depend upon their mycorrhizae for ade -
quate nutrient uptake; those lacking mycorrhizae can be
severely stunted and their growth in newly sown beds
uneven. Nursery managers should avoid practices that
cause mycorrhiza deficiency. For example, because soil
fumigation destroys mycorrhizal fungus populations, alternative
pest-control measures should be substituted
whenever possible. Careful seedling manipulations and
handling also will reduce damage to mycorrhizae. Soil
disturbance should only be necessary to meet manage -
ment goals so as to minimize disruption of delicate fungussoil
networks. Fertilization can both foster and inhibit
mycorrhiza development; appropriate levels are best de -
termined by experience. The integrated use of mycorrhizamanagement
tools with other cultural practices and the