traditional management pattern and transition to decentralized
patterns), and a new stage from the late 20th century to the
beginning of the 21st century. In the present analysis, with regard
to the typical areas (i.e., Jiangsu coast), we mainly focused on
traditional coastal management mode and changes during 16e19th
centuries: the experiences and lessons of coastal management
during the 20th century, especially in terms of the impact of historical
transformation between centralization and decentralization,
will be useful in future management practices