The experiments were conducted in an elementary school in Taiwan, where the students learn English as a foreign
language. The school categorizes the English proficiency of the students into three levels, A, B, and C, based on an
English proficiency test developed by a group of experienced English teachers. The participants of this study were
three classes of fifth graders who were 11 years old on average and were categorized as having an English
proficiency of level C; that is, they were low-achievement students in English. During the learning activity, one class
of 27 students, including 16 males and 11 females, was assigned to be control group one, another class of 28 students,
including 12 males and 16 females, was assigned to be experimental group one, and the other class of 26 students,
including 15 males and 11 females, was experimental group two.